TOPIC12 TÉCNICA PQ4R

Technical PQ4R Thomas and Robinson (mentioned in Henson, 2000) developed a strategy based on meaningful learning to enhance the meaning or withholding information. PQ4R technique is called by its initials in English, this strategy can be used as follows:/Técnica PQ4R Thomas y Robinson (mencionado en Henson, 2000) desarrollaron una estrategia basada en el aprendizaje significativo para mejorar el significado o la retención de la información. Se denomina técnica PQ4R por sus abreviaturas en inglés, puede utilizarse esta estrategia de la siguiente manera: 
 
  1. Prior review or anticipation. They are reviewed in general the objectives and content of the topic./Revisión previa o anticipación. Se revisan de manera general los objetivos y contenido del tema. 
  2. Prompt: After the previous review, students can make a list of questions which they consider should be resolved with the information they are poised to dominate. Questions can serve as advance organizers./Preguntar: Después de la revisión previa, los alumnos pueden hacer una lista de preguntas que consideren deban resolverse con la información que están a punto de dominar. Las preguntas pueden servir de organizadores avanzados. 
  3. Read. The analysis of information prepares learners for reading the text. The first reading is quick way to locate core ideas. The reading should include titles, captions, headings, etc./Leer. El análisis de la información prepara a los aprendices para la lectura del texto. La primera lectura se realiza de manera rápida para localizar ideas centrales. La lectura debe contemplar títulos, subtítulos, encabezados, etc. 
  4. Reflect: Once inciada fast reading, learners should think about its meaning and its implications. At this stage students should make an outline of the material, review the parts of the information they found difficult and answer questions related to the second step. The summary of the main points at the end of the chapter is useful for reflection./Reflexionar: Una vez inciada la lectura rápida, los aprendices deben pensar en su significado y en sus implicaciones. En esta etapa los estudiantes deben hacer un esbozo del material, revisar las partes de la información que encontraron difíciles y responder preguntas relacionadas con el segundo paso. El resumen de las ideas principales al final del capítulo es útil para la reflexión. 
  5. Repeat: The trainees should begin to determine how well they can remember or learn how much of the material covered./Repetir: Los aprendices deben empezar a determinar qué tan bien pueden recordar o qué tanto aprendieron del material cubierto. 
  6. Review: Consists pay special attention to the parts that learners found difficult./Revisar: Consiste en poner especial atención en las partes que los aprendices encontraron difíciles.
Activity

What's inside a PC system?

 

Processing/

The nerve centre of a PC is the processor, also called the CPU, or central processing unit. This is built into a single chip which executes program instructions and coordinates the activities that take place within the computer system.The chip itself is a small piece of silicon with a complex electrical circuit 5 called an integrated circuit.

The processor consists of three main parts:

The control unit examines the instructions in the user's program, interprets each instruction and causes the circuits and the rest of the components – monitor, disk drives, etc. – to execute the functions specified.

The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs mathematical calculations (+, -, etc.) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT).

The registers are. high-speed units of memory used to store and control data. One of the registers (the program counter, or PC) keeps track of the next instruction to be performed in the main memory. The other (the instruction register, or IR) holds the instruction that is being executed.

The power and performance of a computer is partly determined by the speed of its processor. A system clock sends out signals at fixed intervals to measure and synchronize the flow of data. Clock speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz). For example, a CPU running at 4GHz (four thousand million hertz, or cycles, per 20 second) will enable your PC to handle the most demanding applications.

RAM and ROM 

The programs and data which pass through the processor must be loaded into the main memory in order to be processed. Therefore, when the user runs a program, the CPU looks for it on the hard disk and transfers a copy into the RAM chips. RAM (random access memory) is volatile – that is, its information is lost when 25 the computer is turned off. However, ROM (read only memory) is non-volatile, containing instructions and routines for the basic operations of the CPU. The BIOS (basic input/output system) uses ROM to control communication with peripherals.  RAM capacity can be expanded by adding extra chips, usually contained in 30 small circuit boards called dual in-line memory modules (DIMMs).

Buses and cards

The main circuit board inside your system is called the motherboard and contains the processor, the memory chips, expansions slots, and controllers for peripherals, connected by buses – electrical channels which allow devices inside the computer to communicate with each other. For example, the front 35 side bus carries all data that passes from the CPU to other devices.

The size of a bus, called bus width, determines how much data can be transmitted. It can be compared to the number of lanes on a motorway – the larger the width, the more data can travel along the bus. For example, a 64-bit bus can transmit 64 bits of data.

Expansion slots allow users to install expansion cards, adding features like sound, memory and network capabilities.


Example

Técnica PQ4R


Pre- reading

La lectura informa como esta integrada un sistema de computadora

Question

  • ¿Qué es la RAM?
  • ¿Qué es la ROM?
  • ¿Qué es el Bus?
  • ¿Qué es una Tarjeta?
  • ¿Cómo trabaja la unidad de control?
  • ¿Cómo trabaja la unidad lógica aritmética?
  • ¿Cómo funcionan los registros?
  • ¿Qué es el BIOS?

4R

Reading

Ideas centrales

  • Como esta compuesto el microprocesador (arquitectura).
  • Que es y como funciona la memoria  RAM y ROM.
  • Cuales son las funciones de Buses y Tarjetas.

Reflexion

  • RAM: Memoria de acceso arbitrario.
  • ROM: Memoria de solo lectura.
  • BUS: Canal de comunicación entre dispositivos.
  • Cards: Placas de circuitos dentro de un sistema.
  • Unidad de control: Analiza instrucciones del programas de usuarios y las interpreta.
  • Unidad logia aritmética: Realiza cálculos matemáticos y operaciones lógicas.
  • Registros: Almacena y controlan datos.
  • BIOS: Utiliza la memoria de solo lectura para controlar la comunicación con periféricos.

Repeat

Un sistema de computadora esta integrado por memoria RAM,ROM, Buses, tarjetas y procesadores. Estos últimos están compuestos  de 3 partes como son la unidad de control, la unida lógica aritmética y los registros.

Los buses son canales  de comunicación entre dispositivos  de una computadora y las tarjetas o placas son circuitos  dentro de un sistema de PC.

El BIOS (sistema básico de entrada / salida) usa ROM para controlar la comunicación con periféricos.

 

Review

DIMMS: Módulos de memoria  dual en líneas. (son un tipo de memorias DRAN [RAM de celdas construidas a base de  capacitadores]).

Archivo para descargar la exposición.